Methods and systems for use in forming an article from a multi-layer sheet structure

ABSTRACT

A mold includes a forming insert that includes an upper portion and a lower portion. The upper portion includes a sidewall segment and a heel segment extending from a bottom of the sidewall segment. The sidewall segment has a sidewall radius, and the heel segment has a heel radius that is less than the sidewall radius. The lower portion extends axially downward from the upper portion to define a base cavity. A forming base is positionable within the base cavity. The rim has a rim radius that is less than the heel radius and the step has a step radius that is less than the rim radius.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application No.61/466,326 filed Mar. 22, 2011, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The field of the invention relates generally to coffee makers and moreparticularly, to disposable cups used in connection with brewing coffee.

Numerous types of coffee makers are known, including percolator andelectric drip type coffee makers. With a percolator type coffee maker,fresh coffee grounds typically are measured out in scoopfuls and placedinto a metal percolator basket. The basket rests within a pot that holdswater. As the water is heated in the pot, the water is forced through ametal tube and into the brew basket containing the coffee grounds. Thehot water drains through the coffee grounds and brew basket, and dripsback into a lower portion of the pot.

With such known percolators, small amounts of coffee grounds may leakinto the fresh coffee. In addition, wet grounds are left in thepercolator basket, and cleaning such wet grounds from the basket can betedious.

For an electric drip type coffee maker, fresh coffee grounds are held ina paper filter in a brew basket mounted below a spray head. Water in acold water reservoir is heated and moves through the machine onto thecoffee from the spray head. The coffee passes through the filter anddrips down into a coffee pot.

The wet paper filter and wet coffee grounds are removed from the brewbasket when brewing is complete. The weight of the wet grounds may causethe filter to collapse and the grounds to spill. Cleaning up wet coffeegrounds can be tedious.

In addition, many known coffee makers, including the coffee makersdescribed above, typically are used to brew multiple cups of coffee. Thetaste of the coffee depends at least in part on the amounts of water andcoffee used, as well as the freshness of the coffee. With such knowncoffee makers, the amount of water and coffee used generally depends onthe experience of the user. Also, the freshness of the coffee can varywidely, depending in part on how long the coffee grounds have beenstored and the manner in which the coffee grounds have been stored.Further, if only a single serving of coffee is desired, this can lead towaste of fresh coffee grounds, water, and energy.

Single serve coffee makers are known. Such single, or individual, servecoffee makers typically utilize a single serve fresh coffee groundcontainer and the brewed coffee is dispensed directly into a coffee cup.The fresh coffee ground container typically facilitates sealing thecoffee grounds in the container until use, so that the coffee groundsare fresh.

In connection with brewing coffee, the individual coffee container ispunctured on the top and on the bottom so that hot water can flow intothe container onto the coffee, and brewed coffee can flow out of thecontainer. The coffee container therefore should withstand the hottemperature of the hot water without deforming or collapsing, as well ashave sufficient strength to withstand being punctured without beingcrushed. In addition, the coffee container should not be so expensive tofabricate and seal so as to drive the price of using a single servecoffee maker beyond the reach of ordinary consumers. In order to meetthe structural and cost objectives set forth above, typically singleserve coffee container are fabricated using polystyrene plastics.

As explained above, single serve coffee containers are configured to beused once and then discarded. Polystyrene plastic, however, is not asenvironmentally friendly and has a high carbon foot print, as comparedto other types of plastics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, a mold is provided for use in forming a container. Themold includes a forming insert that includes an upper portion and alower portion. The upper portion includes a sidewall segment and a heelsegment extending from a bottom of the sidewall segment. The sidewallsegment has a sidewall radius, and the heel segment has a heel radiusthat is less than the sidewall radius. The lower portion extends axiallydownward from the upper portion to define a base cavity. A forming baseis positionable within the base cavity. The forming base has a topsurface that includes a rim and a step extending axially upward from therim. The rim has a rim radius that is less than the heel radius and thestep has a step radius that is less than the rim radius.

In another aspect, a mold is provided for use in forming a container.The mold includes a forming insert that includes an upper portion and alower portion. The upper portion includes a sidewall segment and a heelsegment extending from a bottom of the sidewall segment. The sidewallsegment has a sidewall radius, and the heel segment has a heel radiusthat is less than the sidewall radius. The lower portion extends axiallydownward from the upper portion to define a base cavity. A forming baseis positionable within the base cavity. The forming base has a topsurface that includes a plurality of ribs that increase in height fromthe heel segment toward a center of the forming base.

In yet another aspect, a mold is provided for use in forming acontainer. The mold includes a forming insert that includes an upperportion and a lower portion. The upper portion includes a sidewallsegment, a plurality of flutes disposed circumferentially about theforming insert, and a heel segment extending from a bottom of thesidewall segment. The sidewall segment has a sidewall radius, and theheel segment has a heel radius that is less than the sidewall radius.The lower portion extends axially downward from the upper portion todefine a base cavity. The plurality of flutes extend generally axiallyalong the sidewall segment. A forming base is positionable within thebase cavity. The forming base has a top surface that includes a rim anda step extending axially upward from the rim. The rim has a rim radiusthat is less than the heel radius, and the step has a step radius thatis less than the rim radius.

In yet another aspect, a method is provided for forming a container. Themethod includes positioning a forming base within a mold cavity definedby a lower portion of a forming insert. The forming base has a topsurface that includes a rim and a step extending axially upward from therim. The rim has a rim radius that is less than the heel radius, and thestep has a step radius that is less than the rim radius. A multi-layersheet structure that includes a polypropylene composition is extendedacross an opening defined by an upper portion of the forming insert. Theupper portion includes a sidewall segment and a heel segment extendingfrom a bottom of the sidewall segment. The sidewall segment has asidewall radius, and the heel segment has a heel radius that is lessthan the sidewall radius. Air is drawn out of the mold cavity to pullthe multi-layer sheet structure towards at least one of the top surfaceand the upper portion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional schematic illustration of an exampleembodiment of a multi-layer sheet structure.

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional schematic illustration of another embodimentof a multi-layer sheet structure.

FIG. 3 is a cross sectional schematic illustration of another embodimentof a multi-layer sheet structure.

FIG. 4 is a cross sectional schematic illustration of another embodimentof a multi-layer sheet structure.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an example embodiment of a forminginsert.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an example embodiment of a forming basethat may be used with the forming insert shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of another example embodiment of aforming insert.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an example embodiment of a forming basethat may be used with the forming insert shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of another example embodiment of aforming insert.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an example embodiment of a forming basethat may be used with the forming insert shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of another example embodiment of aforming insert.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an example embodiment of a forming basethat may be used with the forming insert shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an example embodiment of a mold plug.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of another example embodiment of a moldplug.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of another example embodiment of a moldplug.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of another example embodiment of a moldplug.

FIG. 17 is a side view of a cup formed from the forming insert shown inFIG. 5 and the forming base shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the cup shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a side view of a cup formed from the forming insert shown inFIG. 7 and the forming base shown in FIG. 8.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the cup shown in FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a side view of a cup formed from the forming insert shown inFIG. 9 and the forming base shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the cup shown in FIG. 21.

FIG. 23 is a side view of a cup formed from the forming insert shown inFIG. 11 and the forming base shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the cup shown in FIG. 23.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of a sealable single use coffee container, as wellas processes and materials that can be used to fabricate suchcontainers, are described. The container is fabricated from amulti-layer sheet that includes a polypropylene composition.Polypropylene is commonly recycled. In addition, the container hassufficient strength to withstand being punctured without being crushedand can withstand the hot temperatures of hot water used to brew coffeewithout deforming

The specific configuration of the coffee container depends, at least tosome extent, on the particular configuration of the coffee maker withwhich the container will be used. For example, the container size,shape, and reinforcement component depend on where the container will bepunctured, the configuration of the coffee maker (e.g., theconfiguration of the portion that holds the container) holder

A multi-layer thermoplastic sheet structure, an article formed from themulti-layer sheet structure, and a method of forming the article isdescribed below in detail. The multi-layer sheet structure, in anexemplary embodiment, includes seven layers. Specifically, the sheetstructure includes an outer top layer of polypropylene, an inner toplayer of polypropylene, a first adhesive layer (tie layer), a barrierlayer, a second adhesive layer (tie layer), an inner bottom layer ofpolypropylene, and an outer bottom layer of polypropylene. Although thesheet structure is specifically described herein as having seven layers,it is contemplated additional layers or fewer layers could be utilizedin the sheet. For example, in another embodiment, the sheet structuremay include five layers. Specifically, the sheet structure includes atop layer of polypropylene, an adhesive layer (tie layer), a barrierlayer, another adhesive layer (tie layer) and a bottom layer ofpolypropylene. In other embodiments, the multi-layer sheet structure mayinclude from two layers to eight layers. Some examples of a multi-layersheet structure include a two layer structure that may include twopolypropylene layers; a six layer structure that may include a barrierlayer, two adhesive layers one on each side the barrier layer, onepolypropylene layer on one adhesive layer and two polypropylene layerson the other adhesive layer; and an eight layer structure that mayinclude a barrier layer, two adhesive layers one on each side thebarrier layer, three polypropylene layers on one adhesive layer and twopolypropylene layers on the other adhesive layer.

The multi-layer sheet structure may be used for forming variousarticles, for example, cups and cup shaped containers. The multi-layersheet structure can be molded into various articles using methods knownin the art including, for example, pressure forming, thermoforming, plugassisted thermoforming, thermal stamping, vacuum forming, compressionforming, and the like. All the ingredients in the multi-layer sheetstructure are FDA approved which permit the use of cups and cup shapedcontainers formed from the multi-layer sheet structure to come incontact with food and liquids for human consumption.

Cup shaped containers may be formed using a plug assisted thermoformingprocess that utilizes cup shaped molds and plugs to assist the sheetstructure into the mold and distribute the materials of multi-layersheet structure around the mold to form a cup shaped container having auniform wall, and uniform heel and the bottom area of the cup shapedcontainer. The molds are designed to improve the material distributionaround the cup shaped container wall, the heel area and the bottom areaover known cup shaped containers. In addition, when the cup shapedcontainer is used in a coffee brewing machine, the design of the moldand the distribution of the material of the multi-layer sheet structurein the bottom area permit clean punctures by the coffee brewing machinein the bottom area of the cup shaped container.

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a cross sectional schematicillustration of an exemplary embodiment of a multi-layered sheetstructure 10 that includes seven layers. Specifically, multi-layer sheetstructure 10 includes an outer top layer 12 (also referred to herein asfirst layer 12) formed of a polypropylene composition, an inner toplayer 14 (also referred to herein as second layer 14) formed of apolypropylene composition, a tie layer 16 (also referred to herein asthird layer 16) formed of an adhesive material, a barrier layer 18 (alsoreferred to herein as fourth layer 18), a tie layer 20 (also referred toherein as fifth layer 20) formed of an adhesive material, an innerbottom layer 22 (also referred to herein as sixth layer 22) formed ofthe polypropylene composition of inner top layer 14, and an outer bottomlayer 24 (also referred to herein as seventh layer 24) formed of thepolypropylene composition of outer top layer 12. The polypropylenecomposition of outer top layer 12 and the polypropylene composition ofinner top layer 14 may be the same polypropylene composition, ordifferent polypropylene compositions.

The polypropylene composition of first layer 12 includes apolypropylene. The polypropylene may be at least one of a polypropylenehomopolymer, polypropylene copolymer, and blends with polypropylene andcompatible polymers. The polypropylene composition may also include acolor concentrate and an inorganic reinforcing agent. The colorconcentrate may include color pigments and/or dyes dispersed in solventsand/or a polymer compatible with polypropylene. Any suitable inorganicreinforcing agent may be used, for example, talc, mica, glass, silica,whiskers, wollastonite, carbon fiber, aramid fibers, and the like. Thepolypropylene composition of first layer 12 may include about 2 to about6 percent by weight of the color concentrate, about 50 to about 70percent by weight of polypropylene, and about 5 to about 60 percent byweight of the inorganic reinforcing agent, the weight percent based onthe total weight of the polypropylene composition. Alternatively, thepolypropylene of first layer 12 may include about 4 percent by weight ofthe color concentrate, about 61 percent by weight of polypropylene, andabout 35 percent by weight of the inorganic reinforcing agent, theweight percent based on the total weight of the polypropylenecomposition.

In another embodiment, the polypropylene composition of first layer 12may also include a renewable plastics material or bioplastic, forexample, a corn starch product. The corn starch product is a resin madefrom corn starch and referred to as Plastarch Material (PSM). Otherbioplastics include, but not limited to, polylactic acid (PLA), modifiedPLA, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), modified PHA,poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV),poly(hydroxubutyrate-co-hexanoate) (PHBH), and blends of thesebioplastics with other plastics, for example polypropylene,polyethylene, and the like. In this embodiment, the polypropylenecomposition of first layer 12 may include about 2 to about 6 percent byweight of the color concentrate, about 5 to about 65 percent by weightof polypropylene, about 5 to about 75 percent by weight of the renewableplastics material, and about 10 to about 40 percent by weight of theinorganic reinforcing agent, the weight percent based on the totalweight of the polypropylene composition. Alternatively, thepolypropylene composition of first layer 12 may include about 4 percentby weight of the color concentrate, about 46 percent by weight ofpolypropylene, about 20 percent by weight of the renewable plasticsmaterial, and about 30 percent by weight of the inorganic reinforcingagent, the weight percent based on the total weight of the polypropylenecomposition. In another embodiment, the polypropylene composition offirst layer 12 may be 100 percent by weight of polypropylene, and inanother embodiment first layer 12 may be 100 percent by weight ofrenewable plastics materials.

In a further embodiment, the multi-layer sheets described above thatwere not used and left over after a thermoforming process may berecycled and added to a virgin polypropylene composition. Multi-layersheets and/or portions of the sheets that are left over after athermoforming process are ground-up and added to a virgin polypropylenecomposition. The ground-up recycled material includes each of thematerials used to form each layer of the multi-layer sheets. Thepolypropylene composition of first layer 12 may include up to about 50percent of the recycled material. The use of recycled materialfacilitates producing economically viable products formed frommulti-layered sheet structure 10.

The polypropylene composition of second layer 14 may be any of theembodiments of the polypropylene composition of first layer 12 describedabove. The polypropylene composition of first layer 12 and thepolypropylene composition of second layer 14 may be the samepolypropylene composition, or may be different polypropylenecompositions.

The polypropylene composition of sixth layer 22 may be any of theembodiments of the polypropylene composition of first layer 12 describedabove, and the polypropylene composition of seventh layer 24 may be anyof the embodiments of the polypropylene composition of first layer 12.The polypropylene composition of sixth layer 22 and the polypropylenecomposition of seventh layer 24 may be the same polypropylenecomposition, or may be different polypropylene compositions.

Any of the polypropylene compositions described above may be prepared bymelt compounding the components with equipment known in the art. Theequipment may include continuous and batch mixers, for example, FarrelContinuous Mixers available from Farrel Corporation, Ansonia, Conn.,Banbury® mixers available from Farrel Corporation, single screwextruders, multiple screw extruders, and the like. In addition,compounding and melt mixing of the components in a continuous fashion,in-line with the production of extruded multi-layer sheet structure 10may also be used.

Third layer 16 and fifth layer 20 are tie or adhesive layers formed ofan adhesive material. The adhesive material is used to bond second layer14 to fourth layer 18, and to bond sixth layer 22 to fourth layer 18.Suitable adhesive material that may be used include, but not limited to,a maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene adhesive, a functionalizedpolyethylene, a functionalized polypropylene, for example, a copolymerwith polypropylene, a polyamide, blends of polyethylene andpolypropylene containing active groups capable of reacting with thematerial of barrier layer 18.

Fourth layer 18 is a barrier layer and is formed by at least one ofpoly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH),polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyamide, acrylate copolymers, cyclicolefin copolymers, and the like. Fourth layer 18 may also includefillers, for example, active/passive scavengers, nanofillers includingtalc, glass, clay, silica, mica, and the like.

Multi-layer sheet structure 10 has a thickness of about 10 mil to about135 mil. Alternately, multi-layer sheet structure 10 has a thickness ofabout 35 mil to about 60 mil. First layer 12 has a thickness of about0.5 mil to about 15 mil, second layer 14 has a thickness of about 3.5mil to about 77.5 mil, third layer 16 has a thickness of about 0.5 milto about 5 mil, fourth layer 18 has a thickness of about 0.5 mil toabout 5 mil, fifth layer 20 has a thickness of about 0.5 mil to about 5mil, sixth layer 22 has a thickness of about 3.5 mil to about 77.5 mil,and seventh layer 24 has a thickness of about 0.5 mil to about 15 mil.

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional schematic illustration of an embodiment of amulti-layered sheet structure 30 that includes five layers.Specifically, multi-layer sheet structure 30 includes a top layer 32(also referred to herein as first layer 32) formed of a polypropylenecomposition, a tie layer 34 (also referred to herein as second layer 34)formed of an adhesive material, a barrier layer 36 (also referred toherein as third layer 36), a tie layer 38 (also referred to herein asfourth layer 38) formed of an adhesive material, and a bottom layer 40(also referred to herein as fifth layer 40) formed of a polypropylenecomposition.

The polypropylene composition of first layer 32 may be any of theembodiments of the polypropylene composition of first layer 12 describedabove and shown in FIG. 1, and the polypropylene composition of fifthlayer 40 may be any of the embodiments of the polypropylene compositionof first layer 12 described above and shown in FIG. 1. The polypropylenecomposition of first layer 32 and the polypropylene composition of fifthlayer 40 may be the same polypropylene composition, or may be differentpolypropylene compositions.

Second layer 36 and fourth layer 38 are tie or adhesive layers formed ofan adhesive material. The adhesive material is used to bond first layer32 to third layer 36, and to bond fifth layer 40 to third layer 36.Suitable adhesive material that may be used include, but not limited to,a maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene adhesive, a functionalizedpolyethylene, a functionalized polypropylene, for example, a copolymerwith polypropylene, polyamide, blends of polyethylene, and polypropylenecontaining active groups capable of reacting with the material of thethird layer 36.

Third layer 36 is a barrier layer and is formed by at least one ofpoly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH),polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyamide, acrylate copolymers, cyclicolefin copolymers, and the like. Third layer 36 may also includefillers, for example, active/passive scavengers, nanofillers includingtalc, glass, clay, silica, mica, and the like.

FIG. 3 is a cross sectional schematic illustration of an embodiment of amulti-layered sheet structure 42 that includes three layers.Specifically, multi-layer sheet structure 42 includes a top layer 44(also referred to herein as first layer 44) formed of a polypropylenecomposition, a barrier layer 46 (also referred to herein as second layer46), and a bottom layer 48 (also referred to herein as third layer 48)formed of a polypropylene composition.

The polypropylene composition of first layer 44 may be any of theembodiments of the polypropylene composition of first layer 12 describedabove and shown in FIG. 1, and the polypropylene composition of thirdlayer 48 may be any of the embodiments of the polypropylene compositionof first layer 12 described above and shown in FIG. 1. The polypropylenecomposition of first layer 44 and the polypropylene composition of thirdlayer 48 may be the same polypropylene composition, or may be differentpolypropylene compositions.

Second layer 46 is a barrier layer and is formed by at least one ofpoly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH),polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyamide, acrylate copolymers, cyclicolefin copolymers, and the like. Second layer 46 may also includefillers, for example, active/passive scavengers, nanofillers includingtalc, glass, clay, silica, mica, and the like.

FIG. 4 is a cross sectional schematic illustration of an embodiment of amulti-layered sheet structure 50 that includes two layers. Specifically,multi-layer sheet structure 40 includes a top layer 52 (also referred toherein as first layer 52) formed of a polypropylene composition, and abottom layer 54 (also referred to herein as second layer 54) formed of apolypropylene composition.

The polypropylene composition of first layer 52 may be any of theembodiments of the polypropylene composition of first layer 12 describedabove and shown in FIG. 1, and the polypropylene composition of thirdlayer 54 may be any of the embodiments of the polypropylene compositionof first layer 12 described above and shown in FIG. 1. The polypropylenecomposition of first layer 52 and the polypropylene composition ofsecond layer 52 may be the same polypropylene composition, or may bedifferent polypropylene compositions.

Multi-layer sheet structure 10 may be fabricated by a co-extrusionprocess. Specifically, multi-layer structure 10 may be formed byco-extruding first layer 12, second layer 14, third layer 16, fourthlayer 18, fifth layer 20, sixth layer 22 and seventh layer 24. Aplurality of extruders are connected to a feed block that includes a diefor extruding multiple layers at once. Three to nine extruders may beused, and the feed block connected to the extruders has a die forforming from 3 to 13 layers. In the exemplary embodiment, five extrudersare used to feed the materials for each of the layers to the feed blockto form the seven layers of multi-layer sheet structure 10. Inalternative embodiments, four extruders or six extruders may be used tofeed the materials for each of the layers to the feed block to form theseven layers of multi-layer sheet structure 10. Other co-extrudingtechniques can be used, for example, a multi-manifold die may be usedinstead of a feed block. In addition, groups of multiple layers may beco-extruded and then laminated together to form multi-layer sheetstructure 10. For example first layer 12 and second layer 14 areco-extruded to form a first sheet, and third, fourth, and fifth layers16, 18, and 20 are co-extruded separate from first and second layers 12and 14 to form a second sheet. Also, sixth layer 22 and seventh layerare co-extruded separate from first, second, third, fourth, and fifthlayers 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 to form a third sheet. Then the threesheets are laminated to form multi-layer structure 10.

In the exemplary embodiment, multi-layer sheet structure 10 may be usedfor forming various articles, for example, cups and cup shapedcontainers. Specifically, cup shaped containers are formed using a plugassisted thermoforming process that utilizes cup shaped molds and plugsto assist sheet structure 10 into the mold and distribute the materialsof multi-layer sheet structure around the mold to form a cup shapedcontainer having a uniform wall, and uniform heel and the bottom area ofthe cup shaped container.

FIGS. 5-12 are schematic illustrations of various molds that may be usedto mold articles, for example, cups and cup shaped containers frommulti-layer sheet structure 10. For example, mold 70 includes a forminginsert 72 (shown in FIG. 5) and a forming base 74 (shown in FIG. 6). Inthe exemplary embodiment, forming insert 72 has a sidewall 73 thatenables a cup to be molded within mold 70. More specifically, in theexemplary embodiment, a sidewall upper portion 75 defines a mold cavity76 that is sized and/or shaped to provide the shape of a flange, asidewall, and/or a heel of a cup being molded by mold 70. In theexemplary embodiment, the flange has a flange radius, the sidewall has asidewall radius that is less than the flange radius, and the heel has aheel radius that is less than the sidewall radius.

For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the flange radius is betweenapproximately 0.87 in. and 0.92 in., and the heel radius is betweenapproximately 0.65 in. and 0.69 in. Moreover, in the exemplaryembodiment, sidewall 73 extends between the heel and the flange at anangle that is approximately 5.56° from a vertical axis of the cup moldedwithin mold 70. The flange, the sidewall, and/or the heel may have anysuitable size and/or shape that enables mold 70 and/or the cup tofunction as described herein.

In the exemplary embodiment, a sidewall lower portion 77 defines a basecavity 78 that is sized and/or shaped to receive forming base 74.Forming base 74 includes a top surface 80 that is sized and/or shaped toprovide the shape of a bottom and/or the heel of the cup being molded bymold 70. In the exemplary embodiment, top surface 80 includes a rim andat least one step 81 extending axially upward from the rim and/or fromanother step. In the exemplary embodiment, the rim and/or step 81 aresubstantially centrally aligned with respect to top surface 80. In theexemplary embodiment, a first step disposed radially inward of the rimextends axially upward from the rim, and a second step disposed radiallyinward of the first step extends axially upward from the first step. Inthe exemplary embodiment, the rim has a rim radius that is less than theheel radius, and step 81 has a step radius that is less than the rimradius.

For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the rim diameter is betweenapproximately 0.60 in. and 0.66 in., the first step radius is betweenapproximately 0.35 in. and 0.61 in., and the second step radius isbetween approximately 0.28 in. and 0.36 in. As such, the second stepradius is between approximately 44% and 60% of the rim radius, a widthof first step 81 (i.e., distance between the rim and the second step) isbetween approximately 40% and 56% of the first step radius, and a widthof the rim (i.e., distance between the first step and the edge of thecup) is less than approximately 8% of the rim radius. The rim and/orstep 81 may have any suitable size and/or shape that enables mold 70and/or the cup to function as described herein.

Mold 82 includes a forming insert 84 (shown in FIG. 7) and a formingbase 86 (shown in FIG. 8). In the exemplary embodiment, forming insert84 has a sidewall 85 that enables a cup to be molded within mold 82.More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment, a sidewall upper portion87 defines a mold cavity 88 that is sized and/or shaped to provide theshape of a flange, a sidewall, and/or a heel of a cup being molded bymold 82. In the exemplary embodiment, the flange has a flange radius,the sidewall has a sidewall radius that is less than the flange radius,and the heel has a heel radius that is less than the sidewall radius.For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the flange radius is betweenapproximately 0.86 in. and 0.92 in., and the heel radius is betweenapproximately 0.62 in. and 0.69 in. Moreover, in the exemplaryembodiment, sidewall 73 extends between the heel and the flange at anangle that is approximately 5.81° from a vertical axis of the cup moldedwithin mold 82. The flange, the sidewall, and/or the heel may have anysuitable size and/or shape that enables mold 82 and/or the cup tofunction as described herein.

In the exemplary embodiment, a sidewall lower portion 89 defines a basecavity 90 that is sized and/or shaped to receive forming base 86.Forming base 86 includes a top surface 92 that is sized and/or shaped toprovide the shape of a bottom and/or the heel of the cup being molded bymold 82. In the exemplary embodiment, top surface 92 includes a rim andat least one step 93 extending axially upward and/or downward from therim and/or from another step. In the exemplary embodiment, the rimand/or step 93 are substantially centrally aligned with respect to topsurface 92. In the exemplary embodiment, a first step disposed radiallyinward of the rim extends axially upward from the rim, and a second stepdisposed radially inward of the first step extends axially downward fromthe first step. In the exemplary embodiment, the rim has a rim radiusthat is less than the heel radius, and step 81 has a step radius that isless than the rim radius.

For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the rim radius is betweenapproximately 0.57 in. and 0.63 in., the first step radius is betweenapproximately 0.43 in. and 0.58 in., and the second step radius isbetween approximately 0.37 in. and 0.44 in. As such, the second stepradius is between approximately 60% and 76% of the rim radius, a widthof first step 81 (i.e., distance between the rim and the second step) isbetween approximately 24% and 40% of the first step radius, and a widthof the rim (i.e., distance between the first step and the edge of thecup) is less than approximately 9% of the rim radius. The rim and/orstep 93 may have any suitable size and/or shape that enables mold 82and/or the cup to function as described herein.

Mold 94 includes a forming insert 96 (shown in FIG. 9) and a formingbase 98 (shown in FIG. 10). In the exemplary embodiment, forming insert96 has a sidewall 97 that enables a cup to be molded within mold 94.More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment, a sidewall upper portion99 defines a mold cavity 100 that is sized and/or shaped to provide theshape of a flange, a sidewall, and/or a heel of a cup being molded bymold 94. In the exemplary embodiment, the flange has a flange radius,the sidewall has a sidewall radius that is less than the flange radius,and the heel has a heel radius that is less than the sidewall radius.For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the flange radius is betweenapproximately 0.86 in. and 0.92 in., and the heel radius is betweenapproximately 0.63 in. and 0.69 in. Moreover, in the exemplaryembodiment, sidewall 73 extends between the heel and the flange at anangle that is approximately 5.81° from a vertical axis of the cup moldedwithin mold 94. The flange, the sidewall, and/or the heel may have anysuitable size and/or shape that enables mold 94 and/or the cup tofunction as described herein.

In the exemplary embodiment, a sidewall lower portion 101 defines a basecavity 102 that is sized and/or shaped to receive forming base 98.Forming base 98 includes a top surface 104 that is sized and/or shapedto provide the shape of a bottom and/or the heel of the cup being moldedby mold 94. In the exemplary embodiment, top surface 104 includes aplurality of ribs 105 that increase in height from the heel toward acenter of forming base 98. In the exemplary embodiment, ribs 105 aresubstantially centrally aligned with respect to top surface 104. Ribs105 may have any suitable size and/or shape that enables mold 94 and/orthe cup to function as described herein.

Mold 106 includes a forming insert 108 (shown in FIG. 11) and a formingbase 110 (shown in FIG. 12). In the exemplary embodiment, forming insert108 has a sidewall 109 that enables a cup to be molded within mold 106.More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment, a sidewall upper portion111 defines a mold cavity 112 that is sized and/or shaped to provide theshape of a flange, a sidewall, and/or a heel of a cup being molded bymold 106. In the exemplary embodiment, the flange has a flange radius,the sidewall has a sidewall radius that is less than the flange radius,and the heel has a heel radius that is less than the sidewall radius.

For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the flange radius is betweenapproximately 0.86 in. and 0.92 in., and the heel radius is betweenapproximately 0.62 in. and 0.69 in. Moreover, in the exemplaryembodiment, sidewall 73 extends between the heel and the flange at anangle that is approximately 5.81° from a vertical axis of the cup moldedwithin mold 106. The flange, the sidewall, and/or the heel may have anysuitable size and/or shape that enables mold 106 and/or the cup tofunction as described herein. Additionally, sidewall upper portion 111includes a plurality of flutes 114 extending generally axially along alength of sidewall upper portion 111. In the exemplary embodiment,flutes 114 are disposed circumferentially about forming insert 108.

In the exemplary embodiment, a sidewall lower portion 115 defines a basecavity 116 that is sized and/or shaped to receive forming base 110.Forming base 110 includes a top surface 118 that is sized and/or shapedto provide the shape of a bottom and/or the heel of the cup being moldedby mold 106. In the exemplary embodiment, top surface 118 includes a rimand at least one step 119 extending axially upward from the rim. In theexemplary embodiment, the rim and/or step 119 are substantiallycentrally aligned with respect to top surface 118. In the exemplaryembodiment, the rim has a rim radius that is less than the heel radius,and step 119 has a step radius that is less than the rim radius. Forexample, in the exemplary embodiment, the rim radius is betweenapproximately 0.37 in. and 0.63 in., and the step radius is betweenapproximately 0.29 in. and 0.38 in. As such, the first step radius isapproximately 60% of the rim radius. The rim and/or step 119 may haveany suitable size and/or shape that enables mold 106 and/or the cup tofunction as described herein.

Mold 70, 82, 94, and/or 106 may be made from any suitable material, forexample, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and the like. In theexemplary embodiment, mold 70, 82, 94, and/or 106 includes a notch (notshown) that extends axially along lower portion 77. In the exemplaryembodiment, the notch is shaped and/or sized to generally complement agroove 123 that extends axially along a sidewall of forming base 74, 86,98, and/or 110, such that a position and/or orientation of forming base74, 86, 98, and/or 110 is generally maintained with respect to lowerportion 77 when the notch is engaged with groove 123. In the exemplaryembodiment, the notch is generally configured to generally complementthe groove.

In the exemplary embodiment, mold 70, 82, 94, and/or 106 include aplurality of openings 127 that extend through sidewall 121.Alternatively, openings 127 may extend through a sidewall that definesmold cavity 76, 88, 100, and/or 112. In the exemplary embodiment,openings 127 are in fluid communication with a vacuum system (not shown)such that air may be drawn out of cavity 76, 78, 88, 90, 100, 102, 112,and/or 116 through openings 127 using the vacuum system.

FIGS. 13-16 are bottom perspective schematic illustrations of plugs thatmay be used with molds 70, 82, 94, and/or 106. Plug 120, shown in FIG.13, includes a smooth bottom 122. More specifically, in the exemplaryembodiment, plug 120 has a generally smooth bottom surface 122 and aheel extending from bottom surface 122. In the exemplary embodiment,heel has a generally arcuate outer surface. Plug 124, shown in FIG. 14,includes raised and lower area of a bottom 126 to assist in forming thebottom of the cup being formed. More specifically, in the exemplaryembodiment, plug 124 has a bottom surface 126, a rim, and a heelextending from the rim. In the exemplary embodiment, bottom surface 126is depressed with respect to rim. Plug 128, shown in FIG. 15, includesraised and lower area of a bottom 130 to assist in forming the bottom ofthe cup being formed. More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment,plug 128 has a bottom surface 130 that defines a groove and a cavitythat is generally concentrically aligned with the groove. Plug 132,shown in FIG. 16, has a generally smooth bottom surface 134, a heel 136extending from bottom surface 134, and a sidewall 138 extending fromheel 136. In the exemplary embodiment, sidewall 138 extends at an anglethat is approximate 5.8° from a vertical axis of plug 132. In theexemplary embodiment, plug 132 facilitates distributing material towardsbottom surface 134, heel 136, and a lower portion of sidewall 138 toenable an increased heel thickness to be formed.

Plugs 120, 124, 128, and/or 132 work synergistically with molds 70, 82,94, and 106 to increase a thickness of at least a portion of the cupheel thickness. In the exemplary embodiment, plug 120, 124, 128, and/or132 is selected to facilitate forming a cup with a desired sidewallthickness, heel thickness, and/or bottom thickness. More specifically,in the exemplary embodiment, plug 120, 124, 128, and/or 132 areconfigured to position a desired amount of multi-layered sheet structure10 in at least one predetermined location to facilitate increasing astrength of the cup being formed by mold 70, 82, 94, and/or 106. Plugs120, 124, 128, and/or 132 may be made from any suitable material, forexample, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, polyether ether ketone(PEEK), and the like. In addition, plugs 120, 124, 128, and/or 132 mayalso include a plastic outer layer formed from, for example, an epoxy, asilicone, and the like.

During operation, in the exemplary embodiment, forming base 74, 86, 89,and/or 110 is positioned within base cavity 78, 90, 102, and/or 114.More specifically, the groove of forming base 74, 86, 89, and/or 110 isaligned with the notch of lower portion 77, 89, 101, and/or 113 suchthat forming base 74, 86, 89, and/or 110 is securely positioned withinmold cavity 76, 88, 100, and/or 112. In the exemplary embodiment,multi-layered sheet structure 10 is extended across an opening definedby a top of mold 70, 82, 94, and/or 106, and heat is applied tomulti-layered sheet structure 10 to facilitate softening multi-layersheet structure 10. In the exemplary embodiment, plug 120, 124, 128,and/or 132 push the multi-layer sheet towards top surface 80, 92, 104,and/or 118 and/or upper portion 75, 87, 99, and/or 111, and air is drawnout of mold cavity 76, 88, 100, and/or 112 to facilitate pullingmulti-layer sheet structure 10 towards top surface 80, 92, 104, and/or118 and/or upper portion 75, 87, 99, and/or 111.

In the exemplary embodiment, use of multi-layer sheet structure 10enables a cup formed from mold 70, 82, 94, and/or 106 to besubstantially rigid while a liquid that is at least 150° F., atemperature for frothing milk, is disposed within the cup. Moreparticularly, in the exemplary embodiment, multi-layer sheet structure10 enables the cup to be substantially rigid while a liquid that is atleast 190° F., a temperature for brewing coffee, is disposed within thecup. Even more particularly, in the exemplary embodiment, multi-layersheet structure 10 enables the cup to be substantially rigid while aliquid that is at least 212° F., a temperature for boiling water, isdisposed within the cup.

FIGS. 17-24 include a side schematic illustration and a bottomperspective schematic illustration of various cup designs formed frommulti-layer 10. Cup 140, shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, includes a sidewall142, a heel 144 extending from a bottom of sidewall 142, and a base 146coupled to heel 144. Cup 140 may be formed in mold 70 shown in FIGS. 5and 6. As such, in the exemplary embodiment, an outer surface ofsidewall 142 is substantially complementary to upper portion 75, and anouter surface of base 146 is substantially complementary to top surface80.

In the exemplary embodiment, cup 140 includes a flange 148 having anincreased stack ledge depth as compared to at least some known cups.Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, heel 144 has a reduced heelcorner radius as compared to at least some known cups. In the exemplaryembodiment, heel 144 is chamfered. Alternatively, heel 144 may have agenerally arcuate outer surface. In the exemplary embodiment, base 146includes a rim 150 and at least one step 152 disposed radially inwardwith respect to rim 150. More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment,a first step is disposed radially inward and extends axially upward fromrim 150, and a second step is disposed radially inward and extendsaxially upward from the first step.

Cup 160, shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, includes a sidewall 162, a heel 164extending from a bottom of sidewall 162, and a base 166 coupled to heel164. Cup 160 may be formed in mold 82 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. As such,in the exemplary embodiment, an outer surface of sidewall 162 issubstantially complementary to upper portion 87, and an outer surface ofbase 166 is substantially complementary to top surface 92.

In the exemplary embodiment, cup 160 includes a flange 168 having anincreased stack ledge depth as compared to at least some known cups.Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, heel 164 has a reduced heelcorner radius as compared to at least some known cups. In the exemplaryembodiment, heel 164 is chamfered. Alternatively, heel 164 may have agenerally arcuate outer surface. In the exemplary embodiment, base 166includes a rim 170 and at least one step 172 disposed radially inwardwith respect to rim 170. More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment,a first step is disposed radially inward and extends axially upward fromrim 170, and a second step is disposed radially inward and extendsaxially upward from the first step.

Cup 180, shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, includes a sidewall 182, a heel 184extending from a bottom of sidewall 182, and a base 186 coupled to heel184. Cup 180 may be formed in mold 94 shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. As such,in the exemplary embodiment, an outer surface of sidewall 182 issubstantially complementary to upper portion 99, and an outer surface ofbase 186 is substantially complementary to top surface 104.

In the exemplary embodiment, cup 180 includes a flange 188 having anincreased stack ledge depth as compared to at least some known cups.Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, heel 184 has a reduced heelcorner radius as compared to at least some known cups. In the exemplaryembodiment, heel 184 is chamfered. Alternatively, heel 184 may have agenerally arcuate outer surface. In the exemplary embodiment, base 186includes a rim 190 and at least one rib 192 disposed radially inwardwith respect to rim 190. Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, base 186includes at least one step 194 disposed radially inward with respect torim 190. More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment, a first step isdisposed radially inward and extends axially upward from rim 190, and asecond step is disposed radially inward and extends axially upward fromthe first step. As such, in the exemplary embodiment, ribs 192 arestepped such that ribs 192 increase in height and/or elevation withrespect to heel 184 towards a center of base 186.

Cup 200, shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, includes a sidewall 202, a heel 204extending from a bottom of sidewall 202, and a base 206 coupled to heel204. Cup 200 may be formed in mold 106 shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. Assuch, in the exemplary embodiment, an outer surface of sidewall 202 issubstantially complementary to upper portion 111, and an outer surfaceof base 206 is substantially complementary to top surface 118.

In the exemplary embodiment, cup 200 includes a flange 208 having anincreased stack ledge depth as compared to at least some known cups.Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, heel 204 has a reduced cornerradius as compared to at least some known cups. In the exemplaryembodiment, heel 204 is chamfered. Alternatively, heel 204 may have agenerally arcuate outer surface. In the exemplary embodiment, base 206includes a rim 210 and at least one step 212 disposed radially inwardwith respect to rim 210. More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment,step 212 is disposed radially inward and extends axially upward from rim210.

Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, cup 200 includes a plurality offlutes 214 extending axially from a bottom of sidewall 202 to providestrength to cup 200. More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment,flutes 214 extend between the bottom of sidewall 202 and a point 216 onsidewall 202 that is below flange 208. For example, in the exemplaryembodiment, flutes 214 extend between approximately 20% and 80% of aheight of sidewall 202. More particularly, in the exemplary embodiment,flutes 214 extend between approximately 40% and 60% of a height ofsidewall 202. Alternatively, flutes 214 may extend any distance ofsidewall 202 that enables cup 200 to function as described herein. Inthe exemplary embodiment, flutes 214 have a width that narrows as itapproaches point 216. Alternatively, flutes 214 may have any size,shape, orientation, and/or configuration that enables cup 200 tofunction as described herein.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention,including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the invention, including making and using any devices orsystems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope ofthe invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examplesthat occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intendedto be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elementsthat do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if theyinclude equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differencesfrom the literal languages of the claims.

1. A mold for use in forming a container, said mold comprising: aforming insert that comprises an upper portion and a lower portion, saidupper portion comprising a sidewall segment and a heel segment extendingfrom a bottom of said sidewall segment, wherein said sidewall segmenthas a sidewall radius and said heel segment has a heel radius that isless than the sidewall radius, said lower portion extending axiallydownward from said upper portion to define a base cavity; and a formingbase that is positionable within the base cavity, said forming basehaving a top surface that comprises a rim and a step extending axiallyupward from said rim, wherein said rim has a rim radius that is lessthan the heel radius and said step has a step radius that is less thanthe rim radius.
 2. A mold in accordance with claim 1, wherein said stepand said rim are substantially concentrically aligned.
 3. A mold inaccordance with claim 1, wherein said top surface comprises a secondstep extending axially upward from said step, wherein said second stephas a second step radius that is less than the step radius.
 4. A mold inaccordance with claim 3, wherein said second step and said step aresubstantially concentrically aligned.
 5. A mold in accordance with claim3, wherein the second step radius is greater than approximately 40% ofthe rim radius.
 6. A mold in accordance with claim 3, wherein a width ofsaid step is less than approximately 50% of the step radius.
 7. A moldin accordance with claim 1, wherein a width of said rim is less thanapproximately 15% of the rim radius.
 8. A mold in accordance with claim1, wherein said heel segment is chamfered.
 9. A mold in accordance withclaim 1, wherein said heel segment has a generally arcuate outersurface.
 10. A mold in accordance with claim 1, wherein a flange segmentextends generally radially outward from a top of said sidewall segment.11. A mold in accordance with claim 1, wherein said sidewall segmentcomprises a plurality of flutes disposed circumferentially about saidforming insert, said plurality of flutes extending generally axiallyalong said sidewall segment.
 12. A mold in accordance with claim 1,wherein said forming insert comprises a notch that extends axially alongsaid lower portion, and said forming base comprises a groove thatextends axially along a sidewall of said forming base, said notch isconfigured to generally complement said groove.
 13. A mold in accordancewith claim 1, wherein said forming insert comprises a plurality ofopenings that extend through at least one of said upper portion and saidlower portion.
 14. A mold in accordance with claim 1 further comprisinga plug that has a generally smooth bottom surface and a heel extendingfrom the bottom surface.
 15. A mold in accordance with claim 1 furthercomprising a plug that has a bottom surface, a rim, and a heel extendingfrom the rim, wherein the bottom surface is depressed with respect tothe rim.
 16. A mold in accordance with claim 1 further comprising a plugthat has a bottom surface that defines a groove and a cavity that isconcentrically aligned with the groove.
 17. A mold for use in forming acontainer, said mold comprising: a forming insert that comprises anupper portion and a lower portion, said upper portion comprising asidewall segment and a heel segment extending from a bottom of saidsidewall segment, wherein said sidewall segment has a sidewall radiusand said heel segment has a heel radius that is less than the sidewallradius, said lower portion extending axially downward from said upperportion to define a base cavity; and a forming base that is positionablewithin the base cavity, said forming base having a top surface thatcomprises a plurality of ribs that increase in height from said heelsegment toward a center of said forming base.
 18. A mold in accordancewith claim 17, wherein said plurality of ribs extending substantiallyconcentrically about the center of said forming base.
 19. A mold inaccordance with claim 17, wherein said heel segment is chamfered.
 20. Amold in accordance with claim 17, wherein said heel segment has agenerally arcuate outer surface.
 21. A mold in accordance with claim 17,wherein a flange segment extends generally radially outward from a topof said sidewall segment.
 22. A mold in accordance with claim 17,wherein said sidewall segment comprises a plurality of flutes disposedcircumferentially about said forming insert, said plurality of flutesextending generally axially along said sidewall segment.
 23. A mold inaccordance with claim 17, wherein said forming insert comprises a notchthat extends axially along said lower portion, and said forming basecomprises a groove that extends axially along a sidewall of said formingbase, said notch is configured to generally complement said groove. 24.A mold in accordance with claim 17, wherein said forming insertcomprises a plurality of openings that extend through at least one ofsaid upper portion and said lower portion.
 25. A mold for use in forminga container, said mold comprising: a forming insert that comprises anupper portion and a lower portion, said upper portion comprising asidewall segment, a plurality of flutes disposed circumferentially aboutsaid forming insert, and a heel segment extending from a bottom of saidsidewall segment, wherein said sidewall segment has a sidewall radiusand said heel segment has a heel radius that is less than the sidewallradius, said lower portion extending axially downward from said upperportion to define a base cavity, said plurality of flutes extendinggenerally axially along said sidewall segment; and a forming base thatis positionable within the base cavity, said forming base having a topsurface that comprises a rim and a step extending axially upward fromsaid rim, wherein said rim has a rim radius that is less than the heelradius and said step has a step radius that is less than the rim radius.26. A mold in accordance with claim 25, wherein said step and said rimare substantially concentrically aligned.
 27. A mold in accordance withclaim 25, wherein said top surface comprises a second step extendingaxially upward from said step, wherein said second step has a secondstep radius that is less than the step radius.
 28. A mold in accordancewith claim 27, wherein said second step and said step are substantiallyconcentrically aligned.
 29. A mold in accordance with claim 27, whereinthe second step radius is greater than approximately 40% of the rimradius.
 30. A mold in accordance with claim 27, wherein a width of saidstep is less than approximately 50% of the step radius.
 31. A mold inaccordance with claim 25, wherein a width of said rim is less thanapproximately 15% of the rim radius.
 32. A mold in accordance with claim25, wherein said heel segment is chamfered.
 33. A mold in accordancewith claim 25, wherein said heel segment has a generally arcuate outersurface.
 34. A mold in accordance with claim 25, wherein a flangesegment extends generally radially outward from a top of said sidewallsegment.
 35. A mold in accordance with claim 25, wherein said forminginsert comprises a notch that extends axially along said lower portion,and said forming base comprises a groove that extends axially along asidewall of said forming base, said notch is configured to generallycomplement said groove.
 36. A mold in accordance with claim 25, whereinsaid forming insert comprises a plurality of openings that extendthrough at least one of said upper portion and said lower portion.
 37. Amethod of forming a container, said method comprising: positioning aforming base within a base cavity defined by a lower portion of aforming insert, the forming base having a top surface that includes arim and a step extending axially upward from the rim, wherein the rimhas a rim radius that is less than the heel radius and the step has astep radius that is less than the rim radius; extending a multi-layersheet structure that includes a polypropylene composition across anopening defined by an upper portion of the forming insert, the upperportion including a sidewall segment and a heel segment extending from abottom of the sidewall segment, wherein the sidewall segment has asidewall radius and the heel segment has a heel radius that is less thanthe sidewall radius; and drawing air out of a mold cavity to pull themulti-layer sheet structure towards at least one of the top surface andthe upper portion.
 38. A method in accordance with claim 37 furthercomprising applying heat to the multi-layer sheet structure tofacilitate softening the multi-layer sheet structure.
 39. A method inaccordance with claim 37 further comprising pushing the multi-layersheet towards at least one of the top surface and the upper portion. 40.A method in accordance with claim 37, wherein pushing the multi-layersheet further comprises using a plug to force the multi-layer sheet intothe mold cavity, the plug having a generally smooth bottom surface and aheel extending from the bottom surface.
 41. A method in accordance withclaim 37, wherein pushing the multi-layer sheet further comprises usinga plug to force the multi-layer sheet into the mold cavity, the plughaving a bottom surface, a rim, and a heel extending from the rim,wherein the bottom surface is depressed with respect to the rim.
 42. Amethod in accordance with claim 37, wherein pushing the multi-layersheet further comprises using a plug to force the multi-layer sheet intothe mold cavity, the plug having a bottom surface that defines a grooveand a cavity that is substantially concentrically aligned with thegroove.
 43. A method in accordance with claim 37 further comprisingaligning a notch of the forming insert with a groove of the formingbase, wherein the notch extends axially along the lower portion, and thegroove extends axially along a sidewall of the forming base.